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Logic & Critical Reasoning — Learning Plan

From argument analysis to formal proof — 9 lessons + exercises

Source: A Concise Introduction to Logic (14th ed.), Patrick J. Hurley & Lori Watson

Why this matters for engineering: Every debugging session is an argument: you gather evidence (premises) and draw a conclusion (root cause). Every design review is a chain of reasoning. Every incident report claims that X caused Y. Logic teaches you to evaluate these arguments rigorously — to spot when reasoning is valid, when evidence is weak, and when conclusions don’t follow from premises.


Track Structure

# Lesson Book Chapters Key Skills
01 Arguments, Premises & Conclusions Ch 1 (§1.1–1.5) Identify arguments, premises, conclusions; deduction vs induction; validity vs soundness
02 Language, Meaning & Definition Ch 2 (§2.1–2.4) Cognitive vs emotive meaning; ambiguity; vagueness; types of definitions
03 Informal Fallacies Ch 3 (§3.1–3.5) Recognize 25+ named fallacies: relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity
04 Categorical Logic Ch 4–5 (§4.1–5.7) Standard-form propositions; Venn diagrams; categorical syllogisms; rules and fallacies
05 Propositional Logic Ch 6 (§6.1–6.6) Logical connectives; truth tables; validity testing; argument forms
06 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic Ch 7 (§7.1–7.7) Rules of inference; replacement rules; conditional & indirect proof
07 Predicate Logic Ch 8 (§8.1–8.7) Quantifiers; translation; universal/existential instantiation; proofs with quantifiers
08 Inductive Reasoning Ch 9–11 (§9.1–11.4) Analogy; legal/moral reasoning; causality; Mill’s methods; probability
09 Statistical & Scientific Reasoning Ch 12–14 (§12.1–14.4) Samples; averages; percentages; hypothetical reasoning; science vs pseudoscience

How to Use This Track

For each lesson: 1. Read the lesson notes (the lesson file) 2. Work through the inline examples — try to solve them before reading the explanation 3. Complete the matching exercise set in exercises/ 4. Check your answers using the collapsible solutions

Estimated time: 2–3 hours per lesson, including exercises. Total: ~20–25 hours.

Suggested pace: - Weeks 1–2: Lessons 01–03 (informal logic foundation) - Weeks 3–4: Lessons 04–05 (categorical + propositional logic) - Weeks 5–6: Lessons 06–07 (formal proofs) - Weeks 7–8: Lessons 08–09 (inductive and scientific reasoning)


Prerequisites

None. This track assumes no prior logic background. If you can read and understand ordinary English sentences, you have everything you need.


Connection to Engineering Work

Logic Concept Engineering Application
Argument identification Parsing bug reports: “What is actually being claimed? What’s the evidence?”
Deductive validity “If the premises of this RCA are true, must the conclusion be true?”
Inductive strength “How strong is this failure pattern based on 5 similar incidents?”
Informal fallacies Spotting bad reasoning in meetings: ad hominem, false dilemma, hasty generalization
Propositional logic Boolean conditions in code, truth tables for complex if-else chains
Categorical syllogisms “All OKS robots have sensorbar. This device has no sensorbar. Therefore this is not an OKS robot.”
Predicate logic “For all robots in fleet X, if battery < 20% then dock” — formalizing fleet policies
Mill’s methods Systematic root cause isolation: method of difference, concomitant variation
Scientific reasoning Hypothesis formation and testing in debugging; distinguishing correlation from causation